Main Objectives and Reasons for Homework free essay sample

Main objectives and reasons for homework The basic objectives of assigning homework to students are the same as schooling in general: To increase the knowledge and improve the abilities and skills of the students. However, opponents of homework cite homework as rote, or grind work, designed to take up childrens time, without offering tangible benefit. Homework may be designed to reinforce what students have already learned, prepare them for upcoming (or complex or difficult) lessons, extend what they know by having them apply it to new situations, or to integrate their abilities by applying many different skills to a single task. Homework also provides an opportunity for parents to participate in their childrens education. Amount of homework required A review of over 60 research studies showed that, within limits, there is a positive correlation between the amount of homework done and student achievement. The research synthesis also showed that too much homework could be extremely counterproductive, causing students to burn out. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Objectives and Reasons for Homework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The research supports the 10-minute rule, the commonly accepted practice of assigning 10 minutes of homework per day per grade-level. For example, under this system, 1st graders would receive 10 minutes of homework per night, while 5th graders would get 50 minutes worth, 9th graders 90 minutes of homework, etc. Many schools exceed these recommendations or do not count assigned reading in the time limit. In the United Kingdom, recommendations on homework quantities were outlined by the then Department for Education in 1998. These ranged from 10 minutes daily reading for 5-year-olds, to up to 2. 5 hours per day for the pupils in Year 11 aged 15 or 16. Homework strategies Effective study skills can help to speed up the completion of homework, giving a student more free time. In cases where the teacher assigns homework verbally or on the chalkboard, the student can avoid forgetting or misremembering the assignments by writing them down and keeping them well-organized in a notebook, planner, or agenda. It is also recommended that one develop a strategy that decreases the students chances of forgetting completed homework at home. Students with a positive attitude toward homework, who enjoy it and work on it enthusiastically, generally complete their homework faster than if they view their homework negatively. Reluctance and resistance can make homework take longer. Minimizing distractions, by studying in a quiet room and leaving the TV off, etc, make it easier to concentrate and get homework done faster, while doing a better job. Contrary to specialists recommendations, there is no evidence that the radio, as opposed to the television, hinders performance. This may be because radios emit only audio and no video, so there is less distraction. One approach for minimizing the amount of homework a student has to do at home is for the student to complete as much of it as possible while still at school. Spare time between classes, during lunch, and especially during classes may be enough to get most or even all of the students homework completed, depending on how much is assigned. This approach may have negative consequences, such as causing students to skip lunch or miss important information in other courses Computers are often used to complete homework assignments. There are many homework-related resources available on the World Wide Web. There are web-sites dedicated to communicating about homework, for teachers to post assignments on-line for students, and to keep parents informed. Many schools host their own homework posting services on their websites. There are non-profit organizations on-line that help students with their homework for free. There are also tutorials on most school subjects, especially math, which students can use if they dont understand their homework assignments. Many libraries provide on-line resources which present subjects specifically for students who are looking for something to write about. And there are archives of ready-made homework assignments, including handouts, which teachers can use to provide homework to their students. Many other websites are used for research, especially search engines, such as Google, and encyclopedias. Apart from above given resources there are hundreds of websites who are providing homework help at nominal rates. Such websites claim to help students understand concepts. Some parents choose to monitor their students usage of the internet, as some of the sites may be found deceptive or inappropriate by academic institutions. Also, Internet resources offer students a wealth of opportunity for plagiarism. Tutoring With an enhanced emphasis on homework, parents and students are turning to customized solutions. Private institutions, such as Sylvan Learning Centers and Kaplan, help students through individually-tailored assignments. Other parents find help through their community where tutoring, study groups and other resources may be made available. Many libraries provide tutors for helping students with their homework, both in-person and on-line. See Homework help service. If it is necessary to hire a tutor to assist with a childs homework, parents should also speak to the childs teacher about the amount and the appropriateness of the homework load. Parental homework strategies Students generally benefit when their parents become involved in the homework process. However, too much parental involvement can prevent the positive effects of homework. Setting a regular time to do homeworkand designating a specific place for doing homework helps keep the student well-focused on his or her studies. A flat surface, good lighting, school supplies (pens, pencils, paper, scissors, glue, eraser, ruler, etc. ) and a dictionary are often essential. Teachers need to know what their students understand and can do independently, therefore they often advise parents not to do the childrens homework assignments for them, nor correct their childrens homework assignments and have them copy the corrections. Grades, and the teachers other feedback, need to apply to the students performance, not to the parents performance, nor to student-parent co-performance. On the other hand it is also fairly common for teachers to give assignments far beyond what students can do independently and for teachers to expect parents to go over homework and have the student make corrections before it is turned in. Practices vary. Independent learning is encouraged and improved by providing guidance (such as explaining how to look up information or find a word in a dictionary) rather than merely providing the answers to the childs homework-related questions. Having ones child read out loud allows the parent to provide corrections and help the student learn how to read better. When parents do homework of their own at the same time as their children, it sets a good example and helps to foster a good attitude toward learning. One key role for parents is to negotiate with teachers and schools should the homework burden be unmanageable or age-inappropriate for the students. This negotiation may take the form of speaking with the teacher individually, speaking to other school officials, or coordinating with other parents or with the PTA or school board to get the homework load for the entire class or school reduced. Teaching and homework effectiveness Student learning improves when homework serves a clear purpose and is matched to both the skills of each individual student and to the current topics being taught in class. Feedback improves the effectiveness of homework, especially when given in a timely manner (within 24 hours). Effective feedback improves student learning by correcting misunderstanding, validating process, and highlighting errors in thinking. Embedded comments provide much better feedback than a mere grade at the top of the paper. Homework must be concentrated to be effective: mastering takes days or weeks of practice. Fifty-percent mastery may be achieved after 4 practice sessions, but it takes 28 practice sessions to achieve approximately the eighty-percent mastery level. Another way teachers can be more effective is by alerting parents to their students homework, giving parents a chance to become familiar with the material and their childs progress. This also encourages parents to become involved in the homework process. Messages tend to get lost in transit or even altered when using pupil post (passing verbal messages or written notes back and forth using the student as courier), and therefore direct communication is much more effective and prevents frustration all around. Methods available for directly reporting homework assignments (to both students and their parents) include the phone, email, and centralized web-pages. Criticism There is research supporting the idea that homework is of little educational value, and that for young children (i. e. , under 13) it may have a negative effect on learning. History of homework In the United States Historically, homework was frowned upon in American culture. With few students interested in higher education, and due to the necessity to complete daily chores, homework was discouraged not only by parents, but also by school districts. In 1901, the California legislature passed an act that effectively abolished homework for those who attended kindergarten through the eighth grade. But, in the 1950s, with increasing pressure on the United States to stay ahead in the Cold War, homework made a resurgence, and children were encouraged to keep up with their Russian counterparts. By the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the consensus in American education was overwhelmingly in favor of issuing homework to students of all grade levels. In a study done at the University of Michigan in 2007, research concluded that the amount of homework given is increasing over time. In a sample taken of students between the ages of 6 and 9, it was shown that students spend more than two hours a week on homework, as opposed to 44 minutes in 1981. Harris Cooper, nations top homework scholar, concluded after a comprehensive review that homework does not improve academic achievements for grade school students. Cooper analyzed dozens of students and found that kids who are assigned homework in middle and high school actually score somewhat better on standardized tests, but that kids who do 60 to 90 minutes of homework in middle school and more than 2 hours in high school actually score worse. Conclusion: The homework is very important for each student, especially the student neglected because they force the student to the neglected his studies and duties of the brainstorming. On the other hand, the homework helps the student improves their skills and strengthens his memory and it allows him to get the degrees of superiority. Recommendations: I recommend students to do their homework at home because time is often not enough in the school and home is the place where the real studying begins when students works alone in its own place outside the class room. Also I recommend teachers to assign the homework before enough time of the due date and tell parents about it. THE END

How to Live Every Day Like Youre on Vacation

How to Live Every Day Like Youre on Vacation Vacation Mind â€Å"We’re on vacation!† my father would shout, whenever he made a choice to spend money on a normally extravagant purchase. Whether or not we were actually on vacation, his pronouncement would signify that financial caution was being thrown to the wind in service of whimsy and pure fun. Doors opened wide and anything seemed possible in those moments. I inherited my father’s sense of vacation-induced freedom. On a recent trip to Portland, I watched myself not only making unusual purchases, but also engaging in activities that I might not otherwise entertain. I got up early my first day to go hiking by myself in the rain. I bought food from food carts. I drove 2 hours to spend one night at Breitenbush Hot Springs. I bought a chocolate blackberry tart at a famous bakery. I chased sunsets. Although I also kept up with my work schedule, my mindset was definitely one of being on vacation. Beginner’s Mind When I returned home to Madison, I kept my sense of adventure with me. While I certainly won’t do this every day, I bought a treat from a well-known bakery a few blocks from my house that I had never before patronized. I tried out a restaurant I’ve been wanting to go to for many months, and that I have passed by literally hundreds of times in the last 7 years. It’s like I came back home with a â€Å"beginner’s mind,† ready to discover the new in the familiar of my life. Wherever You Go One of the items welcoming me home was a children’s book by Pat Zietlow Miller, Wherever You Go. The story, wondrously illustrated by Eliza Wheeler, is replete with metaphor as it examines the comings and goings of roads. Literal roads, like the roads we follow in life, can take us pretty much anywhere, allowing us to explore and connect in adventurous ways. They allow us to take a vacation from the routines we fall into in our daily lives. And then, for those of us lucky to have one, roads take us home. I find myself wondering: Why should coming back to â€Å"where the heart is,† mean we no longer take opportunities to zig and zag? To cross bridges, climb mountains, and chase clouds? Yet this is often how we experience home. Adventures at Home As I was showing pictures of my Portland trip to some of my yoga friends, while quietly drinking tea at my favorite studio in Madison, they marveled at the beautiful sunsets I had captured on my smartphone. They were oohing and aahing over the last sunset image when I pointed out the caption: â€Å"Sunset over Lake Mendota.† That picture was from before my trip. Lake Mendota is right here where I started, in Madison, Wisconsin. To be sure, I don’t have to go far to create life adventures. And the next time I see the colors of the sunset brimming, I will gleefully shout â€Å"I’m on vacation!† and go chase after them.

Massage Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Massage Therapy - Essay Example The value of a massage to your overall wellbeing cannot be understated. But it is important to take the steps necessary to achieve the best possible results. This may mean different things depending on the purpose of your massage. If the massage is meant to simply relax and rejuvenate, it is helpful to at least drink plenty of water before and after the massage in order to maintain proper hydration of the muscles. Proper nutrition is also helpful in getting the most out of a massage. Being weighed down by heavy, greasy foods is never a good idea from a health perspective, and even less so before or after a massage. The best dieting approach is one that assists the massage as a tool to help purge the body of toxins. That means eating plenty of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean proteins. If your massage is treatment for muscular or other physical ailments, it is often a good idea to exercise and stretch muscles before hand, which increases circulation and aids the therapist's e ffort to accurately target and loosen problem muscle groups.